﻿---
title: "量化策略篮子与市场风格的方案分析"
description: "同一年里，A 股小盘和大盘的收益可以差出 60 多个点。这种“风格”是持续的规律还是随机的结果？本文先用打乱顺序的对照检验风格是否存在、以什么形式存在，再对照国内外平台、卖方和基金的做法，设计一个把策略工具篮子和市场风格识别连起来的系统：有哪些模块，前后怎么联动，状态切换时发生什么。最后用 2008 年以来的指数和真实 ETF 价格扣成本检验这种模式能否产生收益，并讨论其中的问题和改进。"
pubDate: 2026-10-18
updatedDate: 2026-10-18
tags: ["量化", "回测", "风格轮动", "市场状态", "A股", "港股"]
refs:
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    title: "Regime Shifts: Implications for Dynamic Strategies (corrected)"
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    title: "Size and value in China"
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    further: true
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    title: "An econometric analysis of nonsynchronous trading"
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  - id: aqr
    title: "Contrarian Factor Timing is Deceptively Difficult"
    url: "https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2017.43.5.072"
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    site: "The Journal of Portfolio Management"
    author: "Clifford Asness, Swati Chandra, Antti Ilmanen, Ronen Israel"
    date: "2017"
    note: "43(5): 72–87。用估值价差做因子择时，在已经持有价值因子的组合里几乎没有增量，还会削弱分散。"
  - id: dsr
    title: "The Deflated Sharpe Ratio: Correcting for Selection Bias, Backtest Overfitting, and Non-Normality"
    url: "https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2014.40.5.094"
    collect: "doi-10-3905-jpm-2014-40-5-094"
    site: "The Journal of Portfolio Management"
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    date: "2014"
    note: "40(5): 94–107。试过很多策略再挑最好的，夏普会被高估；按尝试次数、收益偏度和峰度做校正。"
  - id: hlz
    title: "…and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns"
    url: "https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv059"
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    date: "2016"
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    title: "International Asset Allocation With Regime Shifts"
    url: "https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/15.4.1137"
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    site: "Review of Financial Studies"
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    date: "2002"
    note: "15(4): 1137–1187。存在高波动、高相关的“熊市”状态，这时分散的效果会下降。"
  - id: guojin
    title: "因子风格择时策略（2021 年 11 月期）"
    url: "https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202111081527725354_1.pdf"
    collect: "dfcfw-h3-ap202111081527725354-1-pdf"
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    date: "2021-11-05"
    note: "沪深300 与中证500 轮动：宏观维度和情绪、估值、风险偏好维度各训练一个 XGBoost，等权打分，方向冲突时两边各配一半。"
  - id: tianfeng
    title: "权益观点：高拥挤已明显缓释—金融工程（转载）"
    url: "https://m.gelonghui.com/p/5943177"
    collect: "gelonghui-p-5943177"
    site: "格隆汇（转载天风证券金工）"
    date: "2026-08-02"
    note: "择时框架分估值赔率、宏观胜率、资金趋势、拥挤反转四个维度，每周打分。转载稿，未见原文。"
  - id: guolian
    title: "利率周期、期限利差周期和信用利差周期风格轮动择时策略"
    url: "https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202501251642551718_1.pdf"
    collect: "dfcfw-h3-ap202501251642551718-1-pdf"
    site: "国联期货研究所"
    date: "2025-01-24"
    note: "利率下行偏成长、上行偏价值；信用利差上升偏大盘价值、下降偏小盘成长。"
  - id: huian
    title: "汇安启程混合发行报道"
    url: "https://www.jiemian.com/article/14860958.html"
    collect: "jiemian-14860958-html"
    site: "界面新闻"
    date: "2026-08"
    note: "上层用宏观增长、流动性、风险偏好、交易拥挤度四个维度判断大盘或中小盘占优，下层按风格配不同的量化选股策略。媒体报道。"
  - id: bigquant
    title: "BigQuant 策略模板文档（大盘风控）"
    url: "https://bigquant.com/wiki/doc/OCkaNT91EC"
    collect: "bigquant-ockant91ec"
    site: "BigQuant"
    note: "上证指数 5 日收益低于 −4% 时全仓卖出、停止交易。"
  - id: guorn
    title: "果仁网"
    url: "https://guorn.com/"
    collect: "guorn"
    site: "果仁网"
    note: "风控模块支持用大盘指标择时，交易模型支持定期轮动。"
  - id: ricequant
    title: "RQData 风险因子模块"
    url: "https://www.ricequant.com/doc/rqdata/python/risk-factors-mod"
    collect: "ricequant-rqdata-python-risk-factors-mod"
    site: "米筐 RiceQuant"
    note: "get_factor_exposure、get_factor_return 等接口；另有港股通 HKv1、A+H 的 AHv1 版本。"
  - id: msci
    title: "MSCI China Equity Factor Model Factsheet"
    url: "https://www.msci.com/downloads/web/msci-com/data-and-analytics/factor-investing/equity-factor-models/MSCI%20China%20Equity%20Factor%20Model_Factsheet.pdf"
    collect: "msci-downloads-web-msci-data-and-analytics-facto"
    site: "MSCI"
    note: "新增国企、拥挤度等因子，因子协方差随市场状态自适应。"
  - id: dynf
    title: "Factor rotation"
    url: "https://www.blackrock.com/us/financial-professionals/insights/factor-rotation"
    collect: "blackrock-us-financial-professionals-insights-fa"
    site: "BlackRock iShares"
    note: "DYNF 按经济周期、估值、情绪、因子自身指标四类信号在几个因子之间轮动。"
  - id: qc
    title: "Algorithm Framework Overview"
    url: "https://www.quantconnect.com/docs/v2/writing-algorithms/algorithm-framework/overview"
    collect: "quantconnect-v2-writing-algorithms-algorithm-fra"
    site: "QuantConnect"
    note: "Universe Selection → Alpha → Portfolio Construction → Risk Management → Execution 五个模块。"
  - id: stamp
    title: "中华人民共和国印花税法"
    url: "https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfgk/c100009/c5193058/content.html"
    collect: "gov-zcfgk-c100009-c5193058-content-html"
    site: "国家税务总局法规库"
    date: "2021-06-10"
    note: "第三条所称证券交易指股票和以股票为基础的存托凭证，ETF 不在其中；“ETF 免印花税”是据此推出的。"
  - id: hketf
    title: "Stamp duty waiver for ETFs"
    url: "https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/faq/ETFs.htm"
    collect: "gov-eng-faq-etfs-htm"
    site: "香港税务局"
    note: "2015-02-13 起香港上市 ETF 的买卖免印花税；股票印花税 2023-11-17 起为 0.1%，买卖双方各付。"
---

我们先看一张表。下面是 A 股几个年份里，小盘（中证1000）和大盘（沪深300）、成长（300成长）和价值（300价值）各自的全年收益差：

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-t0-title">同一年里，不同风格的收益差</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-t0-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:22%"><col><col><col class="hl"><col class="hl"></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">年份</th><th scope="col">沪深300</th><th scope="col">中证1000</th><th scope="col" class="acc">小盘 − 大盘</th><th scope="col" class="acc">成长 − 价值</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="row">2013</th><td class="num">−5.3%</td><td class="num">+32.5%</td><td class="num good">+37.8</td><td class="num">+1.0</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">2015</th><td class="num">+7.2%</td><td class="num">+76.6%</td><td class="num good">+69.4</td><td class="num">+4.4</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">2017</th><td class="num">+24.3%</td><td class="num">−16.9%</td><td class="num bad">−41.1</td><td class="num">−5.9</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">2020</th><td class="num">+29.9%</td><td class="num">+20.5%</td><td class="num">−9.4</td><td class="num good">+42.1</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">2024</th><td class="num">+18.2%</td><td class="num">+2.8%</td><td class="num bad">−15.4</td><td class="num bad">−23.9</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">中证指数官网全收益指数，含分红再投资。收益差单位是百分点。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 1 · 同样是 A 股，2015 年小盘比大盘多涨了 69 个点，2017 年又少涨了 41 个点</figcaption>
</figure>

这种差别，在 A 股投资者的语言里叫“风格”：某一年是小盘的天下，另一年是大盘蓝筹的天下；某一年成长股一飞冲天，另一年价值股更扛跌。如果手里有一组量化策略，分别擅长不同的风格，再能判断出当下是哪种风格，似乎就可以在合适的时候用合适的策略。

不过，在讨论“怎么切换”之前，有几个更基础的问题。上面这些差别，是一种会持续一段时间的规律，还是只是每年随机波动的结果？如果市场风格确实存在，它应该用什么来描述，持续多久，怎么从数据里认出来？市面上的产品和研究有没有在做这件事，它们是怎么设计的？如果我们自己来设计一个“策略篮子 + 风格判定”的系统，它应该长什么样，又该怎么检验？

本文按这个顺序，从风格是否存在，一直讲到一个可以落地的方案。

## 一、市场风格是否存在

### 要检验的是什么

表 1 里的收益差很大，但“差别大”本身证明不了什么。即使每天的涨跌完全随机，一年下来大盘和小盘的收益也会有差别。“风格”这个说法隐含了更多的东西：**它会持续一段时间**。今年小盘占优，接下来几个月大概率还是小盘占优；市场处在剧烈波动的阶段，接下来一段时间也大概率继续剧烈波动。

所以检验的思路是：把真实的日收益**随机打乱顺序**，再计算同样的统计量。打乱以后，每天的涨跌幅度原封不动，只是时间顺序没了，任何“持续性”都会消失。如果真实数据的统计量明显落在打乱结果的范围之外，就说明数据里确实有打乱破坏掉的那种结构，也就是风格。

数据用 2005 年到 2026 年 10 月的沪深300、中证1000、300价值、300成长全收益指数[^csindex]，港股用 2008 年以来盈富基金的复权价[^yahoo]。每个统计量都和 200 次打乱的结果比较。

### 证据一：波动会聚集

最直接的一种持续性是波动。我们算每天的 20 日波动率，再看它和 60 个交易日以前的 20 日波动率之间的相关系数：

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-e1-title">20 日波动率与 60 个交易日前的相关系数</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-e1-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:30%"><col class="hl"><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">序列</th><th scope="col" class="acc">真实数据</th><th scope="col">打乱后（97.5% 分位）</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="row">沪深300</th><td class="num acc">0.46</td><td class="num">0.07</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">小盘 − 大盘</th><td class="num acc">0.26</td><td class="num">0.08</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">成长 − 价值</th><td class="num acc">0.62</td><td class="num">0.07</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">港股（盈富基金）</th><td class="num acc">0.28</td><td class="num">0.12</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">打乱后的相关系数几乎是 0，200 次里最大的那 2.5% 也只有 0.07 到 0.12。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 2 · 三个月前市场在剧烈波动，现在大概率还在剧烈波动；打乱顺序后这种关系消失</figcaption>
</figure>

四条序列全部远高于打乱后的上限。**波动状态是确定存在的**：市场会在“平静”和“剧烈”两种状态之间切换，每种状态都会持续好几个月。这也是金融时间序列里最稳健的经验事实之一，Ang 和 Bekaert 在国际股市里观察到的“高波动、高相关”的熊市状态[^ab]，说的也是这件事。

### 证据二：趋势在某些尺度上会持续

第二种持续性是方向。用来衡量它的工具叫方差比（variance ratio）：把 q 天的累计收益的方差，除以 q 倍的单日收益方差。如果每天的涨跌互不相关，这个比值应该接近 1；大于 1 说明涨了之后还会涨（趋势），小于 1 说明涨了之后会回落（反转）。

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-e2-title">方差比 VR(q) · 真实值与打乱后的 95% 范围</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt dt-sticky" aria-labelledby="qr-e2-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:22%"><col><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">序列</th><th scope="col">5 天</th><th scope="col">20 天</th><th scope="col">60 天</th><th scope="col">250 天</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="row">沪深300</th><td class="num">1.03<br><span class="mono">[0.92, 1.09]</span></td><td class="num">1.03<br><span class="mono">[0.84, 1.15]</span></td><td class="num good">1.38<br><span class="mono">[0.73, 1.33]</span></td><td class="num good">2.19<br><span class="mono">[0.46, 1.66]</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">小盘 − 大盘（指数）</th><td class="num good">1.40<br><span class="mono">[0.93, 1.08]</span></td><td class="num good">1.57<br><span class="mono">[0.85, 1.16]</span></td><td class="num">1.25<br><span class="mono">[0.71, 1.28]</span></td><td class="num">1.05<br><span class="mono">[0.45, 1.67]</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">小盘 − 大盘（ETF，2016 年起）</th><td class="num">1.02<br><span class="mono">[0.94, 1.06]</span></td><td class="num">0.98<br><span class="mono">[0.85, 1.15]</span></td><td class="num">0.88<br><span class="mono">[0.77, 1.24]</span></td><td class="num">0.57<br><span class="mono">[0.14, 1.43]</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">成长 − 价值</th><td class="num good">1.12<br><span class="mono">[0.92, 1.06]</span></td><td class="num">1.15<br><span class="mono">[0.86, 1.17]</span></td><td class="num">1.23<br><span class="mono">[0.74, 1.31]</span></td><td class="num">1.46<br><span class="mono">[0.46, 1.68]</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">港股</th><td class="num">0.92<br><span class="mono">[0.91, 1.08]</span></td><td class="num bad">0.78<br><span class="mono">[0.81, 1.18]</span></td><td class="num">0.66<br><span class="mono">[0.66, 1.29]</span></td><td class="num">1.28<br><span class="mono">[0.46, 1.73]</span></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">绿色：显著大于打乱后的范围（有趋势）；红色：显著小于（有反转）。ETF 一行用 512100 和 510300 的真实价格。250 天一列只有约 20 个不重叠的样本，范围很宽。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 3 · 沪深300 在季度到年度的尺度上有趋势；大小盘的短期惯性只出现在指数里，换成 ETF 价格就消失了</figcaption>
</figure>

这张表比表 2 复杂，可以分三点看：

- **大盘的趋势是长周期的。** 沪深300 在 5 天、20 天上和随机游走没有区别，到了 60 天、250 天，方差比明显大于打乱后的上限。也就是说，A 股的“牛市”“熊市”在季度和年度的尺度上是真实存在的，但在几天、几周的尺度上看不出来。
- **大小盘的短期惯性要打个问号。** 用指数算，小盘相对大盘的 5 天、20 天方差比高达 1.40 和 1.57，看起来风格惯性很强；可用两只真实 ETF 的价格算同一个量，结果和随机游走一样。原因是小盘指数里总有一部分成分股成交稀少，收盘价“慢一拍”，第二天才补涨补跌，于是指数收益出现了虚假的正自相关，这是 Lo 和 MacKinlay 讨论过的不同步成交效应[^lomac]。这里是根据两组数字的差别做的推断，没有逐只检查成分股。
- **港股的月度节奏相反。** 港股 20 天的方差比只有 0.78，低于打乱后的下限，说明在月度尺度上更容易“涨多了就回落”。A 股和港股不能共用一套风格假设。

### 证据三：不同状态下，市场的样子不一样

如果风格存在，那么在不同的状态里，收益的分布应该明显不同。我们先用一个简单的规则（第二节会详细介绍）把每天分成四种状态，再看各状态下的统计量：

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-e3-title">四种状态下的市场特征 · 2005–2026</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-e3-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:20%"><col><col class="hl"><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">状态</th><th scope="col">天数</th><th scope="col" class="acc">沪深300 年化波动</th><th scope="col">小盘 − 大盘（年化）</th><th scope="col">成长 − 价值（年化）</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="row">上涨趋势</th><td class="num">2389</td><td class="num">24.5%</td><td class="num">−3.7</td><td class="num">−0.5</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">下跌趋势</th><td class="num">1721</td><td class="num">26.5%</td><td class="num">+1.6</td><td class="num">−3.4</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">低波震荡</th><td class="num">761</td><td class="num acc">18.4%</td><td class="num">+7.6</td><td class="num bad">−8.4</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">高波震荡</th><td class="num">295</td><td class="num acc">34.6%</td><td class="num good">+32.9</td><td class="num">+10.2</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">这里用当天的状态描述当天的市场，只用于说明“状态之间不一样”，不能直接用来交易，原因见第四节。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 4 · 高波震荡里的波动接近低波震荡的两倍，小盘相对大盘年化多涨 33 个点</figcaption>
</figure>

### 证据四：趋势段的长度，大部分随机游走也能产生

最后一个检验是一个反面的提醒。用同一套规则，在真实数据和打乱后重建的价格上分别切分状态，比较每种状态平均持续多少天：上涨趋势真实是 109 天，打乱后是 82 天（97.5% 分位 114 天）；下跌趋势 64 天对 59 天；低波震荡 22 天对 16 天（97.5% 分位 19 天）；高波震荡 15 天对 15 天。

只有低波震荡的持续时间明显长于随机游走。**一段看起来很长的“上涨趋势”，随机游走也能走出来。** 这提醒我们：肉眼看到的趋势段，不等于可以利用的规律，判断风格是否存在要靠统计检验，不能靠看图。

### 小结：风格存在，但分层次

把四组证据放在一起，可以得到一个比“有”或“没有”更具体的回答：

- **波动状态**：确定存在，持续数月，A 股和港股都是如此。
- **大盘的趋势状态**：在季度到年度的尺度上存在，在周的尺度上看不出来。
- **风格分化**：幅度很大，大小盘年度收益差的中位数是 12.4 个百分点，近三分之二的年份超过 10 个点；成长价值是 10.4 个点。但大小盘在短期内的“惯性”主要是指数的统计假象。
- **市场之间**：港股在月度尺度上偏反转，和 A 股不同。

**既然风格存在，它应该用什么样的形式来描述？**

## 二、市场风格的描述方式

### 两个层面：市场状态与风格偏好

上一节的证据提示，“风格”至少包含两个层面的东西。

一个是**市场状态**（regime）：整个市场处在什么样的环境里，比如在涨还是在跌，平静还是剧烈。资产配置文献主要研究的是这一层，学术起点是 Hamilton 1989 年的马尔可夫切换模型[^hamilton]：市场在几个看不见的状态之间切换，每个状态下收益的均值和波动不同，我们只能从观察到的价格反推当前处在哪个状态。

另一个是**风格偏好**：在同一个市场里，哪一类股票占优，比如大盘还是小盘、价值还是成长。A 股卖方报告里的“风格轮动”主要指这一层。

两个层面有关联但不相同。表 4 显示，高波震荡里小盘明显占优，低波震荡里价值相对成长占优，所以市场状态可以作为判断风格偏好的线索之一。

### 风格的几个性质

从第一节的检验结果，还能读出风格的几个性质，它们直接决定了判定方法该怎么设计：

1. **潜在的**。风格不能直接观察，只能从价格、成交、估值等数据里推断，推断总有误差。
2. **事后清楚，事前模糊**。回头看，2015 年是小盘年一目了然；身在 2015 年 3 月，只能看到最近几周小盘在涨。
3. **有确定的部分，也有模糊的部分**。波动状态的持续性很强，判断出来就比较可靠；趋势方向在短期内接近随机，判断出来也未必延续。
4. **切换是跳跃的**。状态往往在几天之内从一种变成另一种，判定规则既要跟得上切换，又不能被噪声带着来回跳。

### 一种可操作的定义

按这些性质，我们给市场状态一个简单的定义，用两个维度：

- **趋势维度**：沪深300 的价格和它的 120 日均线。价格在均线上方、而且均线本身在 20 个交易日里抬高了，是上涨趋势；价格在均线下方、均线也在下降，是下跌趋势；其余情况，价格和均线方向不一致，是震荡。
- **波动维度**：只用来细分震荡市。20 日年化波动率高于过去 3 年的中位数，是高波震荡，否则是低波震荡。

为什么趋势市不再按波动细分？因为趋势市里方向已经决定了大部分事情，再分一层，每一格里的样本就太少了。

这样每天得到一个标签：上涨趋势、下跌趋势、低波震荡、高波震荡。第一版跑出来有一个问题：价格在均线附近徘徊时，标签今天是“上涨”，明天是“震荡”，一年要切换 13.5 次。针对“切换是跳跃的”这个性质，我们加了一个**确认期**：新状态连续出现 5 天才算数。加了以后，一年切换 5.6 次。

<figure class="dd dd-figure">
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<title id="qr-reg-title">沪深300 全收益指数和每天的市场状态（2006–2026）</title>
<desc id="qr-reg-desc">上半部分是沪深300全收益指数的对数走势，下半部分四行分别标出每一天被判成上涨趋势、下跌趋势、低波震荡、高波震荡的时段；下跌趋势集中在 2008、2011、2016、2018、2022 年的大跌里。</desc>
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<text class="t-zone" x="32" y="44">沪深300 全收益指数（对数刻度）与判定出的状态</text>
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<text class="t-say" x="432" y="64">价格在 120 日线下方且均线向下 → 下跌趋势</text>
</svg>
</div>
<figcaption>图 1 · 只用趋势和波动两个维度，2006 年以来的 A 股被切成四种状态；趋势状态平均持续两三个月，震荡状态只有两三周</figcaption>
</figure>

风格偏好这一层，我们不另外定义标签，而是交给策略工具本身去处理：大小盘轮动、价值成长轮动这类工具，本身就是在跟踪风格偏好。这一点在第四节设计篮子时会具体说明。

**这样的定义是不是太简单了？在动手设计之前，先看看市面上的产品和研究是怎么做的。**

## 三、同行的做法

### 有没有这样的产品

答案是有，而且形态差别很大。我们对照了国内外能找到公开信息的平台、卖方研究和产品。

**国内量化平台**提供的主要是数据、回测和交易通道。聚宽、米筐、优矿、掘金这类平台不直接判定风格，但米筐的数据接口提供风格因子暴露和因子收益[^ricequant]，可以作为风格判定的输入；BigQuant 的策略模板里有一个“大盘风控”开关：上证指数 5 日跌幅超过 4% 就清仓[^bigquant]；果仁网把大盘择时做成了可配置的独立模块[^guorn]。“判定状态，再切换策略”这一层，平台上没有现成的模块。

**国内卖方和基金**做得更深入。国金证券用宏观（长周期）和情绪（短周期）两个维度各训练一个 XGBoost 模型，在沪深300 和中证500 之间轮动，两个信号方向冲突时两边各配一半[^guojin]；天风证券的择时框架分估值赔率、宏观胜率、资金趋势、拥挤反转四个维度打分[^tianfeng]；国联期货按利率、期限利差、信用利差的周期判断大小盘和价值成长[^guolian]。公募产品里，汇安启程混合用宏观增长、流动性、风险偏好、交易拥挤度四个维度判断大盘还是中小盘占优，再切换下层的量化选股策略[^huian]，结构和本文要讨论的方案几乎一样。

**海外**的代表做法有四种。Two Sigma 用高斯混合模型对 17 个因子的收益聚类，得到危机、平稳、通胀、“如履薄冰”四个状态，输出每个状态的概率[^twosigma]；Kritzman 等人对市场动荡、通胀、增长三个维度各用一个两状态的马尔可夫切换模型[^kpt]；MSCI 的中国因子模型让因子协方差随市场状态自适应[^msci]；iShares 的因子轮动 ETF（DYNF）按经济周期、估值、情绪和因子自身的指标，在几个因子之间轮动[^dynf]。另一方面，AQR 的研究提醒，因子择时信号常常只是某个已有因子的变形，择时组合应该和静态的多风格组合比较[^aqr]。

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-t7-title">风格判定和策略切换：同行的设计</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt dt-sticky" aria-labelledby="qr-t7-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:18%"><col style="width:30%"><col style="width:28%"><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">谁</th><th scope="col">怎么判定</th><th scope="col">可以借鉴</th><th scope="col">局限</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">国内平台</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">聚宽、米筐、优矿、掘金</th><td>不直接判定；米筐提供风格因子暴露和因子收益</td><td>用风格因子收益的滚动统计当状态输入；A 股、港股分开建模</td><td>只描述当下，不预测</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">BigQuant</th><td>大盘风控：上证 5 日跌超 4% 清仓</td><td>状态预先算好，交易查表</td><td>只有两态，阈值是拍的</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">果仁网</th><td>可配置的大盘择时模块</td><td>择时与选股解耦</td><td>阈值由用户在全历史上挑，易过拟合</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">国内卖方与基金</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">国金证券</th><td>宏观（长周期）和情绪（短周期）各一个 XGBoost，等权打分</td><td class="acc">信号冲突时两边各配一半</td><td>样本外期较短</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">天风证券</th><td>估值赔率、宏观胜率、资金趋势、拥挤反转四维打分</td><td>加入拥挤度维度</td><td>权重和阈值也要从历史里挑</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">国联期货</th><td>利率、期限利差、信用利差周期</td><td>用利率和信用利差判断大小盘、价值成长</td><td>宏观数据频率低、有发布滞后</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">汇安启程混合</th><td>四维打分判断大小盘，下层切换选股策略</td><td>结构和本文几乎一样，已经是公募产品</td><td>规则不公开，无法复现</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">海外</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">Two Sigma</th><td>高斯混合模型对 17 个因子收益聚 4 类</td><td class="acc">输出概率，按概率混合工具</td><td>不预测，状态会突跳</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">Kritzman 等</th><td>每个维度一个两状态马尔可夫切换模型</td><td>分维度建模，好解释</td><td>滤波概率有滞后</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">MSCI 中国模型</th><td>风险模型，协方差随状态自适应</td><td>国企、拥挤度因子</td><td>商业授权，不给择时建议</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">iShares DYNF</th><td>经济周期、估值、情绪、因子自身四类信号</td><td class="acc">长期保持多个因子的分散暴露</td><td>只覆盖美股</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">AQR</th><td>主张谨慎：择时信号常常只是某个已有因子的变形</td><td>和静态多风格组合比</td><td>—</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">天风证券和汇安启程的信息来自转载和媒体报道，没有见到原文。华泰、招商、国信等券商的风格轮动框架没找到公开原文，没有列入。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 5 · 平台提供数据和通道，“判定状态 → 切换工具”这一层由卖方和基金自己做；概率混合、冲突回中性、保持分散是最常见的三条设计</figcaption>
</figure>

### 设计上的共同点和分歧

把这些做法拆开看，一个风格系统要回答四个设计问题，同行在每个问题上的选择各不相同：

- **输入用什么**：价格和波动（BigQuant、果仁、本文）、因子收益（Two Sigma、米筐）、宏观和利率（国联、国金、DYNF）、估值和拥挤度（天风、DYNF）。
- **用什么方法判定**：手写规则、多维打分、统计模型（马尔可夫切换、高斯混合）、机器学习（XGBoost）。
- **输出是什么**：一个确定的标签，或者每个状态的概率。
- **怎么从状态走到仓位**：全仓切换到一个策略，按打分或概率加权，信号冲突时回到中性。

共同点也很清楚：**状态由少数几个可解释的维度组成**；**判定和执行分开**；越成熟的做法，越倾向于输出概率、按权重混合，而不是非此即彼地切换。

**参照这些做法，我们的方案可以怎么设计？**

## 四、系统设计

### 设计目标

前三节回答了“风格存在、可以描述、同行在做”。要把策略篮子和市场风格做成一个系统，核心是把两件原本分开的事连起来：**判断现在是什么风格**，和**决定现在用哪些策略、各用多少**。连起来以后，还要能回答三个问题：每天的决定是怎么一步步得出来的（可解释）；风格变了，下游怎么跟着变（联动）；用了一段时间，系统怎么知道自己哪里错了、怎么改（闭环）。

按这三点，系统的设计目标是：

1. **判定和执行分离**。风格识别只输出“现在是什么状态”，不直接决定买什么；策略工具只按自己的规则给出目标权重，不关心现在是什么状态。两者由配置引擎连接，任何一层都可以单独替换。这和 QuantConnect 算法框架把 Alpha、组合构建、风控、执行分成独立模块是同一个思路[^qc]，BigQuant 的模板也是先算好状态信号、交易逻辑再查表。
2. **所有决定都可追溯**。每天保存状态记录、所用的映射表版本、每个工具的信号和最终订单，事后能复原任何一天的决策过程。
3. **只用当时可得的数据**。每一层的输入都按“信号时点”对齐，防止回测里出现前视偏差。
4. **用结果反哺上游**。实盘的成交、收益和工具表现定期回写，更新映射表和工具档案。

### 总体架构

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<text class="t-mono" x="244" y="165">合成 + 确认期 5 天</text>
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<text class="t-mono" x="244" y="289">选取 / 加权</text>
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<text class="t-mono" x="244" y="315">冲突回中性 · 单工具上限</text>
<text class="t-val" x="540" y="315" text-anchor="end">改进项</text>
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</div>
<figcaption>图 2 · 风格识别、策略配置、风控执行串成一条每日决策链；复盘把归因结果和月末重算的映射表回写到上游，形成闭环</figcaption>
</figure>

系统由七个模块组成，图 2 中间是每天运行的决策链，右边是策略篮子，底部是复盘与回写：

- **数据层**：提供指数点位、ETF 盘口、成交额、估值，以及规划中的利率、信用利差等月频慢变量。它的关键职责是对齐时点：每条数据都带上“何时可得”，下游只能取信号时点之前可得的值。
- **风格识别引擎**：由几个独立的“识别器”组成，每个识别器负责一个维度，输出这个维度的标签。目前有趋势识别器（价格与 120 日均线、均线斜率）和波动识别器（20 日波动率与过去 3 年中位数）。合成器把各维度的标签组合成市场状态，再经过 5 天确认期，输出两样东西：当前确认的状态，以及“状态是否刚发生切换”的事件。
- **策略篮子**：存放所有策略工具。每个工具实现同一个接口：输入行情，输出它想要的目标权重。每个工具还有一份档案，记录它的规则、对应的 ETF、单边成本、在各状态下的历史表现，以及当前是“在用”“观察”还是“下线”。
- **配置引擎**：连接识别和篮子的枢纽。它持有一张“状态 × 工具”的映射表，表里是每个工具在每种状态下的历史平均收益。每天根据当前状态查表，决定用哪个工具或按什么权重组合几个工具，再把各工具的目标权重加总成组合的目标权重。
- **组合风控**：对目标权重做最后的约束：总仓位、单个资产上限、组合回撤超过阈值时降到中性组合（回撤熔断），以及按 ETF 成交额检查流动性。
- **执行**：把目标权重和现有持仓的差额变成订单。差额小于 5% 不调；先挂限价，14:57 前没成交改市价。执行终端可以是券商的 QMT 或 PTrade，它们只负责下单。
- **复盘与回写**：收盘后对账，记录实际成交价和滑点；做绩效归因，把收益拆成“判定对错”“工具选择”“工具本身”“交易成本”四部分；月末用走查重算映射表并发布新版本，检查工具是否衰减，决定工具的上线和下线。

### 前后联动

各模块之间按三个节奏联动：

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-loop-title">系统的三个运行节奏</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-loop-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:16%"><col style="width:20%"><col style="width:38%"><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">节奏</th><th scope="col">触发</th><th scope="col">做什么</th><th scope="col">输出给谁</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">每个交易日</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">14:45–14:48</th><td>定时</td><td>取实时点位；各识别器出标签；合成状态、判断是否切换；配置引擎查表，汇总各工具目标权重</td><td>组合风控</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">14:48–14:57</th><td>定时</td><td>风控约束；计算差额；下单，未成交改市价</td><td>券商终端</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">收盘后</th><td>定时</td><td>对账、记录滑点；保存当天的状态记录、映射表版本、工具信号、订单</td><td>复盘模块</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">每月最后一个交易日</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">收盘后</th><td>定时</td><td>用全部历史重算映射表（走查）；绩效归因；检查工具衰减和映射是否变化</td><td class="acc">配置引擎（次日生效）、策略篮子档案</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">按事件或每季度</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">熔断</th><td>组合回撤超阈值</td><td>降到中性组合，等人工复核后恢复</td><td>组合风控</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">工具变更</th><td>新工具提交 / 健康检查不合格</td><td>新工具先观察一个季度再入篮；不合格的工具降权或下线</td><td>策略篮子、配置引擎</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">参数审查</th><td>每季度</td><td>审查识别器参数（均线长度、确认期），改动需回测并人工确认</td><td>风格识别引擎</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">日频负责“用”，月频负责“学”，事件和季度负责“改”。参数只在季度审查时改，避免一边运行一边按最近的结果调参。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 6 · 每天收盘前跑一遍决策链；每月末把复盘结果回写成新的映射表；结构性的改动只在事件触发或季度审查时进行</figcaption>
</figure>

在每日决策链里，上下游之间有几条明确的联动规则：

- **状态切换是事件**。识别引擎确认状态发生变化时，配置引擎重新查表，可能换成另一个工具，这是换手最大的时刻。状态不变的日子，配置引擎沿用原来的工具，组合只会因为工具自己的信号（比如趋势跟踪的均线开关）或仓位漂移而调整。
- **确认期是识别和配置之间的缓冲**。原始标签变了，要连续 5 天才触发切换事件，下游不会被一两天的噪声带着来回换仓。
- **冲突时回到中性**。如果以后加入更多识别器，比如趋势判断为上涨、利率识别器判断为紧缩，两者方向矛盾时，配置引擎不选任何一边，退回十个工具等权的中性组合。这是借鉴国金证券“信号冲突各配一半”的做法。
- **风控有最终否决权**。配置引擎给出的目标权重，风控可以削减但不能放大；回撤熔断触发后，配置引擎的输出暂时不生效。
- **回写只在月末发生**。映射表、工具档案在月中保持不变，当月每天的决定都基于同一个版本，便于事后复盘。

### 一次完整的状态切换

用一个真实的例子把这些联动串起来。2026 年 10 月 12 日起，沪深300 跌破了 120 日均线，均线也开始向下，原始状态变成“下跌”；到 10 月 16 日，已经连续 5 天，确认期满。

<figure class="dd dd-figure">
<div class="dd-scroll">
<svg class="dd-svg" viewBox="0 0 800 500" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-labelledby="qr-flow-title qr-flow-desc">
<title id="qr-flow-title">2026 年 10 月 16 日收盘前，一次状态切换在系统里经过的六个对象</title>
<desc id="qr-flow-desc">状态记录确认从低波震荡切换到下跌趋势，映射表的下跌趋势一列选出港股趋势，港股趋势工具因为盈富基金低于 120 日均线给出持有债券的信号，目标组合从 510300 全仓变成 511010 全仓，风控检查通过后生成一卖一买两笔订单。</desc>
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<text class="t-mono" x="548" y="109">盈富基金 2800</text>
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<text class="t-mono" x="548" y="333">卖 510300</text>
<text class="t-val" x="756" y="333" text-anchor="end">限价 4.236</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="536" y1="342" x2="768" y2="342"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="548" y="359">买 511010</text>
<text class="t-val t-acc" x="756" y="359" text-anchor="end">限价 140.972</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="536" y1="368" x2="768" y2="368"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="548" y="385">预计成本</text>
<text class="t-val" x="756" y="385" text-anchor="end">约 7bp</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="536" y1="394" x2="768" y2="394"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="548" y="411">14:57 未成交</text>
<text class="t-val" x="756" y="411" text-anchor="end">改市价</text>
<text class="t-say" x="32" y="468">10-12 起原始状态就是“下跌”，确认期等满 5 天，10-16 才触发切换</text>
</svg>
</div>
<figcaption>图 3 · 状态切换事件驱动配置引擎查表、工具给出信号、组合算出差额，最后才落到订单；状态不变的日子，只有工具自己的信号和仓位漂移会触发调仓</figcaption>
</figure>

这一天，系统依次做了这些事：识别引擎确认状态从低波震荡切换到下跌趋势，发出切换事件；配置引擎查 9 月末发布的映射表，下跌趋势一列里港股趋势的历史收益最高（年化 +11.8%），选中它；港股趋势工具按自己的规则检查盈富基金，24.82 港元低于 120 日均线 25.47，给出“持有债券”的信号；组合层把目标从前一天的 510300（大小盘轮动选的大盘）全仓，改成 511010 全仓，差额 100%；风控检查通过；执行层生成一卖一买两笔订单，预计成本约 7bp。

可以看到，状态切换并不直接决定买什么，它只决定由哪个工具来做决定；具体持有什么，由工具自己的规则给出。这就是“判定和执行分离”在一次切换中的体现。

### 工具的生命周期

策略篮子不是一成不变的。一个工具要进入篮子，需要满足几条标准：能用日均成交额足够大的 ETF 实现；和已有工具的收益相关性不太高，否则只是重复；在至少一种状态下，历史表现明显好于篮子的平均水平。新工具先进入“观察”状态一个季度，只记录信号、不分配资金。

在用的工具每月做一次健康检查：它在被选中的状态下，实盘表现是否持续低于映射表里的历史值；它依赖的统计规律是否还在（比如大小盘轮动依赖的风格惯性，可以用 ETF 价格的自相关和方差比来监控）。连续不合格的工具先降权，再下线。

**系统的骨架就是这样。接下来看每个模块的具体实现，以及实现中的取舍。**

## 五、各模块的实现

### 风格识别：选哪些指标

第二节的定义只用了趋势和波动两个维度。同行的打分卡往往用上十几个指标，估值、成交额、股债性价比、风格动量都在里面。为了决定加哪些，我们先对常用指标做一次“体检”：每个月末取指标值，和下一个月的收益算秩相关系数（Spearman），共 250 个月。秩相关是 0 表示毫无关系，括号里的 t 值超过 2，大约相当于 5% 的显著性。再把样本切成前后两半，看稳定性。

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-t3-title">月末指标与下个月收益的秩相关 · 2006–2026</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-t3-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:30%"><col style="width:18%"><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">指标</th><th scope="col">预测什么</th><th scope="col">全期（t 值）</th><th scope="col">2006–2015</th><th scope="col">2016–2026</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="row">价格 / 120 日均线</th><td>沪深300</td><td class="num">+0.10（1.6）</td><td class="num good">+0.20</td><td class="num bad">−0.05</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">过去 60 日涨幅</th><td>沪深300</td><td class="num">+0.06（0.9）</td><td class="num good">+0.18</td><td class="num bad">−0.15</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">成交额 20 日 / 250 日</th><td>沪深300</td><td class="num">+0.09（1.4）</td><td class="num good">+0.21</td><td class="num bad">−0.14</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">市盈率 5 年分位</th><td>沪深300</td><td class="num">−0.02（−0.2）</td><td class="num">—</td><td class="num">−0.00</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">盈利收益率 − 债券涨幅</th><td>沪深300</td><td class="num">+0.14（1.8）</td><td class="num">+0.18</td><td class="num">+0.12</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">20 日波动率</th><td>小盘 − 大盘</td><td class="num acc">+0.20（3.1）</td><td class="num">+0.21</td><td class="num">+0.05</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">1000 相对 300 的 20 日涨幅</th><td>小盘 − 大盘</td><td class="num">+0.03（0.5）</td><td class="num">+0.09</td><td class="num">−0.06</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">成长相对价值的 20 日涨幅</th><td>成长 − 价值</td><td class="num">+0.03（0.5）</td><td class="num">+0.05</td><td class="num">+0.02</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">盈富 / 120 日均线</th><td>港股</td><td class="num">−0.04（−0.6）</td><td class="num">+0.01</td><td class="num">−0.09</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">市盈率 2011 年起才有，5 年分位要到 2016 年才算得出来。“盈利收益率 − 债券涨幅”是股债性价比的粗糙代理：没有拿到国债收益率的长序列，用中证全债过去 60 日的涨幅代替利率变化。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 7 · 波动率对下个月大小盘差的预测最强；趋势、动量、成交额在前十年和后十年的方向相反</figcaption>
</figure>

这张表和第一节的结论对得上：**波动是最可靠的状态变量**，20 日波动率是唯一全期显著的指标，高波动之后小盘相对更强（和表 4 一致）；趋势、动量、成交额在月度尺度上不稳定，前十年正相关，后十年负相关；估值是慢变量，对下个月几乎没有预测力，更适合用在年度的大类配置上。

据此，识别引擎保留“趋势 × 波动”两个维度：波动维度最可靠；趋势维度在月度上不稳定，但在季度到年度上存在（表 3），120 日均线大致对应半年的尺度。多加几个不稳定的指标，合成权重本身又是一组要从历史里挑出来的参数，这正是多重检验文献警告的情形[^hlz]。

我们也试了统计模型的路线：对沪深300 的周收益拟合一个两状态的高斯隐马尔可夫模型（HMM），每年年末只用截至当时的数据重新估计，第二年用前向滤波（只用过去的数据）算出处在“好状态”的概率，概率过半就持有沪深300，否则持有债券。2008 年以来，它的年化收益是 −4.2%（按“收益 / 波动”高的算好状态）或 2.9%（按低波动的算好状态），同期 120 日均线择时是 9.2%。原因是 A 股的高波动既出现在大涨里，也出现在大跌里：2008 年初估出来的“好状态”年化收益 134%、波动 32%，其实是 2006–2007 年的高波动牛市，于是 2008 年的高波动大跌也被认成了好状态。只看收益分布的两状态模型，很难把这两种高波动分开。

### 策略工具篮子

选工具有两条约束：每个工具都要能用场内 ETF 实现，这样才能真正交易，也才能用真实价格检验；工具之间的“好年份”要尽量错开，否则十个工具其实是同一个工具的十个变体。

按这两条，我们选了十个工具，分三类。**持有类**一直持有某个指数，代表一种风格的底仓；**择时类**在同一个指数上按信号决定持有还是换成债券，趋势跟踪对应时间序列动量的文献[^tsmom]，和 Faber 的 10 个月均线是同一个思路[^faber]，波动率目标来自 Moreira 和 Muir 的研究[^mm]；**轮动类**在两种风格之间二选一，直接跟踪风格偏好。

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-t1-title">十个工具：规则和事先认为它适合的市场</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-t1-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:18%"><col style="width:48%"><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">工具</th><th scope="col">规则（每天收盘后算）</th><th scope="col">直觉上适合</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="3" scope="rowgroup">持有类</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有沪深300</th><td>一直持有沪深300 全收益指数</td><td>上涨趋势</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有中证1000</th><td>一直持有中证1000</td><td>小盘占优</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有红利</th><td>一直持有中证红利</td><td>震荡、防御</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有债券</th><td>一直持有中证全债</td><td>下跌趋势</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="3" scope="rowgroup">择时类</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">趋势跟踪</th><td class="mono">沪深300 &gt; 120 日均线 → 持有，否则债券</td><td>趋势明显的市场</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">均值回归</th><td class="mono">偏离 20 日均线 &lt; −1.5σ 买入，回到均线卖出</td><td>低波震荡</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">波动率目标</th><td class="mono">仓位 = min(1, 15% / 20 日年化波动)</td><td>高波震荡</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">港股趋势</th><td class="mono">盈富基金 &gt; 120 日均线 → 持有，否则债券</td><td>A 股走弱时</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="3" scope="rowgroup">轮动类</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">大小盘轮动</th><td class="mono">过去 20 日沪深300、中证1000 谁强持有谁</td><td>风格持续的市场</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">价值成长轮动</th><td class="mono">过去 20 日 300价值、300成长 谁强持有谁</td><td>风格持续的市场</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">最后一列是动手之前凭常识写下的，下一小节用数据检验它。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 8 · 篮子里的工具分持有、择时、轮动三类，每个都能用场内 ETF 实现</figcaption>
</figure>

### 映射表：状态与工具的对应

篮子和状态都有了，下一步是确认每个工具在哪种状态下效果最好。回测的约定如下：第 t 天收盘后用截至当天的数据算信号，从第 t+1 天起按新仓位计收益；成本按实际换手乘单边费率扣除，A 股 ETF 不交印花税[^stamp]，沪深300 按 4bp、中证1000 按 6bp、债券按 3bp，港股 ETF 免印花税[^hketf]，按 10bp；另设一档约三倍的悲观成本。

把每个工具每天的收益，按“前一天收盘时判定的状态”分组，算年化平均：

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-t4-title">每个工具在每种状态下的年化收益 · 2008–2026 · 扣成本</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt dt-sticky" aria-labelledby="qr-t4-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:24%"><col><col class="hl"><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">工具</th><th scope="col">上涨趋势<br>1900 天</th><th scope="col" class="acc">下跌趋势<br>1699 天</th><th scope="col">低波震荡<br>670 天</th><th scope="col">高波震荡<br>295 天</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><th scope="row">持有沪深300</th><td class="num">9.3%</td><td class="num">−1.7%</td><td class="num">−5.8%</td><td class="num">21.2%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有中证1000</th><td class="num">8.0%</td><td class="num">0.7%</td><td class="num">−0.6%</td><td class="num good">59.7%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有红利</th><td class="num">11.0%</td><td class="num">0.6%</td><td class="num good">5.1%</td><td class="num">26.5%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有债券</th><td class="num">3.7%</td><td class="num">5.7%</td><td class="num">4.9%</td><td class="num">7.8%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">趋势跟踪</th><td class="num">10.4%</td><td class="num good">10.8%</td><td class="num">2.8%</td><td class="num">19.6%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">均值回归</th><td class="num">−2.8%</td><td class="num">−2.1%</td><td class="num bad">−5.2%</td><td class="num">30.5%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">大小盘轮动</th><td class="num good">21.2%</td><td class="num">2.1%</td><td class="num">−2.7%</td><td class="num">41.1%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">价值成长轮动</th><td class="num">10.6%</td><td class="num">2.1%</td><td class="num">−7.8%</td><td class="num">15.1%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">波动率目标</th><td class="num">8.8%</td><td class="num">2.9%</td><td class="num">−5.7%</td><td class="num">17.0%</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">港股趋势</th><td class="num">1.4%</td><td class="num good">10.8%</td><td class="num">3.4%</td><td class="num">11.4%</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">绿色是每一列的最高值。下跌趋势里趋势跟踪仍能赚钱，是因为它的开关比状态标签反应快：状态还是“下跌”时，价格可能已经站回均线上方。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 9 · 上涨趋势里大小盘轮动最好，下跌趋势里趋势跟踪和港股最好，低波震荡里红利最好，高波震荡里持有中证1000 最好</figcaption>
</figure>

对照表 8 最后一列的直觉，有符合的，也有不符合的。下跌趋势里躲开 A 股、上涨趋势里用进攻性工具，和直觉一致；“低波震荡用均值回归”“高波震荡用波动率目标”这两条直觉，数据并不支持：均值回归在低波震荡里亏得最多，只在高波震荡里赚钱。高波震荡里持有中证1000 的年化高达 59.7%，这种状态多半出现在暴跌之后的反弹段，和表 4 里“高波震荡小盘占优”是同一件事。

做这张表要注意一个细节：必须用“前一天的状态”配“当天的收益”。当天的状态是用当天收盘价算的，当天的收益也取决于当天收盘价，两者天然相关。用当天的状态算，高波震荡里持有沪深300 只有 3.7%，用前一天的状态是 21.2%，差一天，结论就不同。

### 映射表的更新：走查

表 9 是用 2008 到 2026 年全部数据算的，直接拿它回测，等于 2008 年就看过了 2026 年的答案。配置引擎更新映射表的做法是走查（walk-forward）：每个月末只用截至当时的历史，重新算一遍“状态 × 工具”的收益表；下一个月里，每天收盘后判定状态，到表里对应的那一列挑收益最高的工具。表只在月末更新，任何一天的选择都只用到了过去。

<figure class="dd dd-figure">
<div class="dd-scroll">
<svg class="dd-svg" viewBox="0 0 800 420" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-labelledby="qr-walk-title qr-walk-desc">
<title id="qr-walk-title">走查选工具：月末更新状态×工具表，每天按状态查表</title>
<desc id="qr-walk-desc">左边是 2026 年 9 月末用 2005 年以来全部历史算出的状态乘工具年化收益表，右边是 10 月 16 日收盘判定为下跌趋势，查表选出下跌趋势这一列最高的港股趋势。</desc>
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<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="81">年化收益 %</text>
<text class="t-name" x="188" y="81" text-anchor="end">上涨趋势</text>
<text class="t-name t-acc" x="278" y="81" text-anchor="end">下跌趋势</text>
<text class="t-name" x="368" y="81" text-anchor="end">低波震荡</text>
<text class="t-name" x="458" y="81" text-anchor="end">高波震荡</text>
<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="110">持有沪深300</text>
<text class="t-val" x="188" y="110" text-anchor="end">+27.3</text>
<text class="t-val" x="278" y="110" text-anchor="end">-1.7</text>
<text class="t-val" x="368" y="110" text-anchor="end">-1.1</text>
<text class="t-val" x="458" y="110" text-anchor="end">+21.2</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="32" y1="120" x2="520" y2="120"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="138">持有中证1000</text>
<text class="t-val" x="188" y="138" text-anchor="end">+25.5</text>
<text class="t-val" x="278" y="138" text-anchor="end">+1.4</text>
<text class="t-val" x="368" y="138" text-anchor="end">+6.1</text>
<text class="t-val" x="458" y="138" text-anchor="end">+59.7</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="32" y1="148" x2="520" y2="148"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="166">持有红利</text>
<text class="t-val" x="188" y="166" text-anchor="end">+29.1</text>
<text class="t-val" x="278" y="166" text-anchor="end">+0.5</text>
<text class="t-val" x="368" y="166" text-anchor="end">+6.1</text>
<text class="t-val" x="458" y="166" text-anchor="end">+26.5</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="32" y1="176" x2="520" y2="176"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="194">持有债券</text>
<text class="t-val" x="188" y="194" text-anchor="end">+2.9</text>
<text class="t-val" x="278" y="194" text-anchor="end">+5.5</text>
<text class="t-val" x="368" y="194" text-anchor="end">+5.4</text>
<text class="t-val" x="458" y="194" text-anchor="end">+7.8</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="32" y1="204" x2="520" y2="204"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="222">趋势跟踪</text>
<text class="t-val" x="188" y="222" text-anchor="end">+27.2</text>
<text class="t-val" x="278" y="222" text-anchor="end">+11.0</text>
<text class="t-val" x="368" y="222" text-anchor="end">+2.5</text>
<text class="t-val" x="458" y="222" text-anchor="end">+20.9</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="32" y1="232" x2="520" y2="232"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="250">大小盘轮动</text>
<text class="t-val" x="188" y="250" text-anchor="end">+40.9</text>
<text class="t-val" x="278" y="250" text-anchor="end">+4.0</text>
<text class="t-val" x="368" y="250" text-anchor="end">+7.8</text>
<text class="t-val" x="458" y="250" text-anchor="end">+43.1</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="32" y1="260" x2="520" y2="260"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="44" y="278">港股趋势</text>
<text class="t-val" x="188" y="278" text-anchor="end">+2.3</text>
<text class="t-val t-acc" x="278" y="278" text-anchor="end">+11.8</text>
<text class="t-val" x="368" y="278" text-anchor="end">+5.8</text>
<text class="t-val" x="458" y="278" text-anchor="end">+12.2</text>
<text class="t-note" x="44" y="308">另有均值回归、价值成长轮动、波动率目标 3 个工具，略</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="32" y1="288" x2="520" y2="288"/>
<text class="t-say" x="32" y="344">每格 = 历史上“信号日处于该状态”的那些天，</text>
<text class="t-say" x="32" y="364">工具第二天的平均收益（不含成本）×252</text>
<text class="t-say" x="32" y="392">表只在月末重算，所以选出的工具不会用到未来</text>
<rect class="dd-card" x="568" y="60" width="200" height="88" rx="6"/>
<text class="t-mono" x="584" y="84">沪深300 6270.45</text>
<text class="t-mono" x="584" y="108">120日线 7006.16</text>
<text class="t-mono" x="584" y="132">均线20日斜率 −0.34%</text>
<rect class="dd-card" x="568" y="176" width="200" height="36" rx="6"/>
<text class="t-name" x="584" y="199">状态 <tspan class="t-acc">下跌趋势</tspan></text>
<rect class="dd-card" x="568" y="244" width="200" height="36" rx="6"/>
<text class="t-name" x="584" y="267">选中 <tspan class="t-acc">港股趋势</tspan></text>
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<text class="t-say" x="568" y="312">10-15 还是低波震荡（选大小盘</text>
<text class="t-say" x="568" y="332">轮动）；新状态连续 5 天才算数，</text>
<text class="t-say" x="568" y="352">这里已是第 5 天</text>
</svg>
</div>
<figcaption>图 4 · 走查只用过去：每月末用截至当时的历史重算表，下个月每天收盘后判定状态、查这一列里最好的工具</figcaption>
</figure>

走查需要热身期来积累第一张表，我们留了 2005 到 2007 年三年，所以后面的检验从 2008 年开始。

走查选出的对应关系很稳定，2010 年以后几乎每个月都是同一张映射：上涨趋势和低波震荡用大小盘轮动，下跌趋势用趋势跟踪（2015 年和 2026 年有几个月换成了港股趋势），高波震荡持有中证1000。工具一年平均切换 4.4 次。2026 年 10 月 16 日收盘，状态刚确认从低波震荡变成下跌趋势，选出的是港股趋势。

作为对照，我们也把凭直觉写的那套对应关系当作一个方案，叫“经验映射”：上涨持有沪深300，下跌持有债券，低波震荡用均值回归，高波震荡用波动率目标。

### 最小实现

识别引擎和配置引擎的最小实现如下，输入是截至今天的指数点位，`MAP` 是当前版本的映射表：

```python
import numpy as np, pandas as pd

def regime(c: pd.Series, confirm=5) -> pd.Series:
    """c: 沪深300 每日点位。返回每天的状态，新状态连续 confirm 天才切换。"""
    ma = c.rolling(120).mean()
    slope = ma / ma.shift(20) - 1
    vol = c.pct_change().rolling(20).std() * np.sqrt(252)
    hi = vol > vol.rolling(750, min_periods=250).median()
    raw = pd.Series(np.where(hi, '高波震荡', '低波震荡'), index=c.index)
    raw[(c > ma) & (slope > 0)] = '上涨趋势'
    raw[(c < ma) & (slope < 0)] = '下跌趋势'
    out, cur, cand, n = [], None, None, 0
    for r in raw:
        cur = cur or r
        if r == cur:
            cand, n = None, 0
        else:
            cand, n = (r, n + 1) if r == cand else (r, 1)
            if n >= confirm:
                cur, cand, n = r, None, 0
        out.append(cur)
    return pd.Series(out, index=c.index)

MAP = {'上涨趋势': '大小盘轮动', '低波震荡': '大小盘轮动',
       '下跌趋势': '趋势跟踪', '高波震荡': '持有中证1000'}   # 每月末用走查重算

def target(hs300: pd.Series, zz1000: pd.Series) -> dict:
    tool = MAP[regime(hs300).iloc[-1]]
    if tool == '持有中证1000':
        return {'512100': 1.0}
    if tool == '趋势跟踪':
        up = hs300.iloc[-1] > hs300.rolling(120).mean().iloc[-1]
        return {'510300': 1.0} if up else {'511010': 1.0}
    strong_big = hs300.pct_change(20).iloc[-1] > zz1000.pct_change(20).iloc[-1]
    return {'510300': 1.0} if strong_big else {'512100': 1.0}
```

**系统搭起来了，接下来回答另一个问题：这种模式靠不靠谱，能不能真的产生收益？**

## 六、这种模式靠不靠谱

### 比较对象

检验一个风格切换方案，要和三类基准比：

1. **持有沪深300**，代表不做任何判断。
2. **十个工具等权**，每月再平衡，代表有工具篮子、但不判断风格。AQR 强调择时要和静态的多风格组合比[^aqr]。
3. **单一均线择时**，它本身就是一个最简单的两状态判定，用来衡量四状态加十个工具多带来了什么。

另外放一个“事后最优映射”作为上限：直接用表 9（含未来）选工具。它和走查的差距，就是“看过答案”的价值。

### 指数上的结果

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-t5-title">2008-01-02 至 2026-10-16 · 指数数据 · 标准成本</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-t5-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:30%"><col class="hl"><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">方案</th><th scope="col">年化收益</th><th scope="col">最大回撤</th><th scope="col">夏普</th><th scope="col">年换手</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">按风格切换</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" class="acc">走查选最优 1 个</th><td class="num acc">11.6%</td><td class="num">−50%</td><td class="num">0.63</td><td class="num">31.8</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">走查选前 3 个等权</th><td class="num">5.9%</td><td class="num">−55%</td><td class="num">0.41</td><td class="num">26.5</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">经验映射</th><td class="num">5.1%</td><td class="num">−49%</td><td class="num">0.39</td><td class="num">8.9</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">事后最优映射（含未来）</th><td class="num info">16.0%</td><td class="num">−51%</td><td class="num">0.83</td><td class="num">31.0</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">基准</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">持有沪深300</th><td class="num">0.8%</td><td class="num bad">−71%</td><td class="num">0.15</td><td class="num">0</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">十个工具等权</th><td class="num">4.8%</td><td class="num">−50%</td><td class="num">0.37</td><td class="num">15.9</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">单一均线择时</th><td class="num">9.2%</td><td class="num good">−33%</td><td class="num">0.64</td><td class="num">18.7</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">分时段年化（走查选最优 1 个 / 单一均线 / 持有沪深300）：2008–2010 年 18.4% / 19.2% / −15.9%；2011–2015 年 17.7% / 12.5% / 5.9%；2016–2020 年 13.0% / 12.5% / 9.6%；2021–2026 年 2.3% / −1.0% / −1.4%。夏普没有扣无风险利率。2008 年初接近 A 股高点，持有沪深300 的收益因此偏低；从 2006 年起算，它的年化是 10.0%。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 10 · 走查选工具的方案年化 11.6%，比持有沪深300 高 10.8 个点，比等权高 6.8 个点，比单一均线高 2.4 个点</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure class="dd dd-figure">
<div class="dd-scroll">
<svg class="dd-svg" viewBox="0 0 800 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-labelledby="qr-nav-title qr-nav-desc">
<title id="qr-nav-title">2008 年以来四种做法的净值（对数刻度，扣标准成本）</title>
<desc id="qr-nav-desc">走查选工具的组合在 2008 到 2020 年明显跑赢持有沪深300和等权组合，和单一均线择时大体同行；2021 年以后四条线都基本走平。</desc>
<defs>
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<text class="t-zone" x="32" y="44">净值 · 2008-01-02 = 1 · 指数数据 · 标准成本</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="80" y1="298.8" x2="640" y2="298.8"/><text class="t-note" x="40" y="302.8">0.5</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="80" y1="243.1" x2="640" y2="243.1"/><text class="t-note" x="40" y="247.1">1</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="80" y1="187.4" x2="640" y2="187.4"/><text class="t-note" x="40" y="191.4">2</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="80" y1="131.7" x2="640" y2="131.7"/><text class="t-note" x="40" y="135.7">4</text>
<line class="dd-hair" x1="80" y1="75.9" x2="640" y2="75.9"/><text class="t-note" x="40" y="79.9">8</text>
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<text class="t-note" x="169.2" y="356" text-anchor="middle">2011</text>
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<line class="dd-edge dd-dash" x1="467.4" y1="64" x2="467.4" y2="336"/><text class="t-say" x="461.4" y="72" text-anchor="end">2021 年起</text>
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<text class="t-name t-acc" x="652" y="87.1">走查选最优 1 个</text>
<text class="t-val" x="652" y="101.1">7.32 倍</text>
<text class="t-name" x="652" y="119.3">趋势跟踪（120 日线）</text>
<text class="t-val" x="652" y="133.3">4.90 倍</text>
<text class="t-name" x="652" y="179.2">等权全部工具</text>
<text class="t-val" x="652" y="193.2">2.33 倍</text>
<text class="t-name" x="652" y="236.2">持有沪深300</text>
<text class="t-val" x="652" y="250.2">1.15 倍</text>
</svg>
</div>
<figcaption>图 5 · 按状态切换工具的组合将近 19 年跑出 7.3 倍，单一均线择时 4.9 倍，持有沪深300 只有 1.15 倍；但 2021 年以后四条线都差不多走平</figcaption>
</figure>

为了判断这些差别是不是运气，我们用块自助法（block bootstrap）检验：把两个方案的日收益差切成 20 天一块，有放回地重新抽样 3000 次，看年化超额收益的分布。结果是：

- 相对持有沪深300，年化超额 +9.4%，95% 区间 [+1.2%, +18.4%]，p = 0.012，显著。
- 相对十个工具等权，+7.2%，p = 0.015，显著。说明“判断风格再选工具”比“有工具但不判断”更好。
- 相对单一均线，+3.2%，区间 [−3.8%, +10.7%]，p = 0.16，夏普相近，不显著。

另外几个方案的结果也能说明一些设计问题：选前 3 个等权只有 5.9%，因为表里排第二、第三的工具和第一名差距很大，平均进来是稀释；经验映射只有 5.1%，说明工具和状态的对应关系要从数据里来；事后最优映射比走查高 4.4 个点，这是直接用全样本统计表回测会高估的部分。

### 换成可交易的价格

上面用的是指数。第一节已经发现，小盘指数存在不同步成交造成的假惯性，而大小盘轮动正是走查选得最多的工具，所以必须用真实的 ETF 价格再检验一次：信号仍然用指数算（指数点位在收盘前就能看到），收益改用 ETF。512100 在 2016 年 9 月上市，加上均线热身，检验窗口是 2017 年 5 月到 2026 年 10 月。

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<title id="qr-ac-title">中证1000 减沪深300 的日收益差：今天和明天的相关系数（滚动 3 年）</title>
<desc id="qr-ac-desc">用指数算，这个自相关 2008 年约 0.31，之后一路降到 2023 年的 0.03；用两只 ETF 的真实价格算，2019 年以来一直在 0 附近。</desc>
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<text class="t-zone" x="32" y="44">一阶自相关 · 滚动 750 个交易日</text>
<line class="dd-edge" x1="96" y1="268.0" x2="744" y2="268.0"/><text class="t-note" x="48" y="272.0">0.0</text>
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<text class="t-note" x="93.2" y="320" text-anchor="middle">2008</text>
<text class="t-note" x="196.9" y="320" text-anchor="middle">2011</text>
<text class="t-note" x="300.6" y="320" text-anchor="middle">2014</text>
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<text class="t-note" x="611.6" y="320" text-anchor="middle">2023</text>
<text class="t-note" x="715.3" y="320" text-anchor="middle">2026</text>
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<text class="t-name" x="142.1" y="83.2">指数（中证1000 − 沪深300）</text>
<text class="t-name t-acc" x="496.4" y="300.8">ETF（512100 − 510300）</text>
<text class="t-say" x="335.1" y="116.8">大小盘轮动在指数上赚的钱，主要来自这条线</text>
</svg>
</div>
<figcaption>图 6 · 指数里“小盘今天强、明天还强”的惯性一直在衰减，换成真实 ETF 价格，这股惯性基本不存在</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure class="dd dd-figure dt-figure">
<div class="dt-panel">
<div class="dt-title" id="qr-t6-title">走查选最优 1 个：不同执行假设下的年化超额</div>
<div class="dt-scroll">
<table class="dt" aria-labelledby="qr-t6-title">
<colgroup><col style="width:30%"><col><col><col></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th scope="col">假设</th><th scope="col">年化收益</th><th scope="col">相对持有沪深300</th><th scope="col">相对单一均线</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">指数 · 2008-01 至 2026-10</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">标准成本，收盘前成交</th><td class="num">11.6%</td><td class="num good">+9.4%（p 0.01）</td><td class="num">+3.2%（p 0.16）</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">第二天收盘才成交</th><td class="num">8.7%</td><td class="num">+6.9%（p 0.05）</td><td class="num">+3.4%（p 0.18）</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">悲观成本</th><td class="num">8.3%</td><td class="num">+6.5%（p 0.06）</td><td class="num">+1.4%（p 0.29）</td></tr>
<tr class="dt-group"><th colspan="4" scope="rowgroup">真实 ETF · 2017-05 至 2026-10</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" class="acc">标准成本，收盘前成交</th><td class="num acc">8.9%</td><td class="num">+4.3%（p 0.14）</td><td class="num">+5.1%（p 0.07）</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">第二天收盘才成交</th><td class="num">8.2%</td><td class="num">+3.7%（p 0.16）</td><td class="num">+6.1%（p 0.06）</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row">悲观成本</th><td class="num">5.2%</td><td class="num">+0.9%（p 0.39）</td><td class="num">+3.1%（p 0.18）</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="dt-note">p 值是块自助法下“超额 ≤ 0”的比例，通常以 0.05 为界。ETF 窗口里持有沪深300 年化 4.1%，单一均线 4.1%，十个工具等权 5.0%。2021 年以来走查方案的年化是 1.4%。</p>
</div>
<figcaption>表 11 · 换成真实 ETF 价格后，超额收益的点估计仍为正（+0.9 到 +6.1 个点），但都没有达到 5% 的显著性</figcaption>
</figure>

### 港股

把盈富基金当作“大盘”，用同一套状态定义和工具（持有、趋势跟踪、均值回归、波动率目标、债券）再走查一遍，2011 年以来年化 2.9%，持有盈富基金 3.4%，单一均线 2.8%，相对持有 −1.9%（p = 0.66）；最大回撤从 −49% 降到 −23%。这里的避险资产暂时用中证全债代替港元现金，含了汇率和利率的差异，数字只能作为参考。港股月度偏反转的特点（表 3）也意味着，照搬 A 股的趋势型判定未必合适。

### 检验结论

把三组检验放在一起：

- **风险控制部分是成立的。** 无论指数还是 ETF、A 股还是港股，方案的最大回撤都明显小于持有指数，大约降低一半。这部分主要来自“下跌趋势时离开股票”，对应的是第一节里确定存在的长周期趋势。
- **收益增强部分在指数上显著，在 ETF 上尚不显著。** 相对持有沪深300，指数上年化多 9.4 个点（p = 0.01）；换成 ETF 价格，点估计多 0.9 到 4.3 个点，但 p 值在 0.14 以上。差距的一大部分来自指数的不同步成交，这部分在交易中拿不到。
- **相对单一均线的增量还需要更多证据。** 四状态加十个工具，在各种假设下比单一均线多 1.4 到 6.1 个点，都不显著。
- **近几年的效果弱于早年。** 2021 年以来各方案的收益都接近持有债券，图 6 里指数的大小盘自相关也从 0.31 降到了 0.03。

**这些结果说明系统里还存在哪些问题？**

## 七、存在的问题与改进

### 检验中暴露的问题

回顾从设计到检验的过程，有几个问题值得单独记录：

1. **指数和可交易价格的差别。** 这是影响最大的一条。用指数日线回测、日频换手的轮动工具，都需要用真实的 ETF 价格复核。
2. **起点敏感。** 从 2006 年起算，持有沪深300 年化 10.0%，单一均线 17.5%，走查方案因为热身期拿着债券只有 10.5%；从 2008 年起算，排名完全不同。A 股的牛熊集中，报告结果要给多个起点和分时段的数字。
3. **小样本的格子。** 高波震荡总共 295 天，大约 20 段行情，“持有中证1000 年化 59.7%”主要来自其中几次暴跌后的反弹，证据最弱。
4. **规律在变化。** 2016 年以后趋势类指标的月度方向反转（表 7），2021 年以后各方案收益都接近债券。
5. **多次尝试。** 本文跑过二十个左右的变体（确认期、成交时点、成本档位、选几个工具、HMM 的两种排序）。按 Bailey 和 López de Prado 的缩水夏普（DSR）[^dsr]，20 次尝试对应的最低年化夏普是 0.31。把走查学到的映射压缩成一条规则（沪深300 在 120 日线上方做大小盘轮动，下方持有债券）、每周调仓，指数上的年化夏普 0.65，可以通过这道门槛，DSR 为 0.92；用 ETF 价格算，按成本和成交假设不同，夏普在 0.03 到 0.52 之间。

### 改进方向

结合这些问题和第三节同行的做法，下一版可以从这几处改：

1. **回测一律用可交易价格。** ETF 上市以前用指数，但把日频换手的工具改成周频或加一天延迟，压掉不同步成交的影响。
2. **从“选第一名”改成“按把握加权”。** 借鉴 Two Sigma 和国金证券：工具权重和它在当前状态下的历史优势成正比，样本少的格子向全样本平均收缩；两个维度的信号冲突时回到等权组合。
3. **单个工具设上限。** 借鉴 DYNF 长期保持多个因子分散暴露的思路，单个工具不超过 40% 到 50%，用分散换取对判断错误的容忍度。
4. **补充慢变量维度，按月使用。** 利率、信用利差（国联期货的思路）、估值、拥挤度这类慢变量，适合决定月度或年度的大类倾向，不适合决定日频切换。
5. **把衰减监控做实。** 第四节工具生命周期里的月度健康检查，要落实成具体的阈值：比如大小盘 ETF 收益差的方差比连续 6 个月接近 1，就把大小盘轮动降为观察。
6. **A 股和港股分开建模。** 港股月度偏反转，成本也更高（个股印花税 0.1%，ETF 免），状态定义和换手频率都要单独设定。

## 八、小结

1. **市场风格是否存在？** 存在，但分层次。波动状态确定存在，持续数月；大盘趋势在季度到年度的尺度上存在；风格分化幅度大，大小盘年度收益差中位数 12.4 个点；大小盘的短期惯性主要是指数的统计假象；港股在月度上偏反转。
2. **风格怎么描述？** 分市场状态和风格偏好两层。它是潜在的、事后清楚事前模糊、切换跳跃的。本文用趋势 × 波动定义四种市场状态，加 5 天确认期，风格偏好交给轮动类工具跟踪。
3. **同行有没有、怎么做？** 平台提供数据和通道；卖方和基金用多维打分或机器学习判定，公募已有“判定大小盘再切换选股策略”的产品；海外用马尔可夫切换、高斯混合，越成熟的做法越倾向于输出概率、按权重混合。
4. **系统长什么样？** 数据层、风格识别引擎、策略篮子、配置引擎、组合风控、执行、复盘七个模块；识别和执行分离，由配置引擎查“状态 × 工具”映射表连接；每天收盘前跑一遍决策链，状态切换是触发换仓的事件；每月末用走查重算映射表回写，事件和季度审查负责改参数、换工具。
5. **各模块怎么实现？** 识别引擎用最可靠的波动和长周期趋势两个维度；篮子里十个可用 ETF 实现的工具；映射表用前一天的状态统计、月末走查更新。
6. **靠不靠谱？** 风险控制部分成立，最大回撤大约减半；收益增强在指数上显著，在真实 ETF 上点估计为正但尚不显著；相对单一均线的增量需要更多证据；近几年效果减弱。
7. **还有什么问题、怎么改？** 可交易价格回测、按把握加权、冲突回中性、单工具上限、补慢变量、衰减监控、A 股港股分开建模。

本文的数据、脚本和全部中间结果按“下载 → 整理 → 风格检验 → 工具 → 状态 → 走查 → 复核”的顺序分成了几个脚本，换一组指数或一个起点，可以照着重跑一遍。

## 参考资料
